by Allen Mattich

A surge in Italian bond yields is triggering a wholesale euro-zone panic.

Investors fear the financial conflagration that looks to be forcing Greece out of the euro will soon consume Europe’s biggest sovereign debtor too, putting the very existence of the single currency at risk.

Yields on 10-year Italian government bonds peaked just below 7.5% yesterday , a level that had been consideredthe point of no return for Ireland, Portugal and Greece during their own debt crises. There’s a widespread assumption that Italy wouldn’t be able to sustain yields at these levels, which would put it on the road to default.

But what few observers seem to be asking is what sort of yields are justified by Italy’s economic circumstances, rather than what’s necessary to hold the single currency together. History suggests perhaps not too far from where they are now, according to Paolo Manasse, an economics professor at Bologna University.

“The puzzle is that interest rates have risen so little and so late, despite the worsening of fundamentals,” he wrote last week, before the latest spike in yields.

For instance, Italian debt is forecast at around 121% of gross domestic product this year, almost exactly where it was in 1994, well before euphoria over the introduction of the single currency later in the decade started to force yields on the debt of all prospective member states to converge on Germany’s exceptionally low levels.

In 1994, yields on 10-year Italian debt hovered around 9%. It’s true Italian inflation was higher then, at 4.2%, compared with about 2.6% now. But assuming inflation expectations were rooted in current price levels, real expected yields are only moderately higher now than they were then.

Other fundamentals are different, too. In 1994, Italy was running bigger government deficits as a proportion of GDP and had higher unemployment. On the other hand, its ability to finance its deficit seemed more secure. The Italian economy was growing more solidly—2.2% in 1994 against 0.6% forecast for this year—and was generating a solid current-account surplus of 1.2% of GDP against an anticipated deficit worth 3.5% of GDP for 2011.

The lack of growth and low inflation compared with 1994 worries some economists. Italian officials may take comfort that the budget is in primary balance—after stripping out interest costs—but this is false comfort, says Charles Dumas of Lombard Street Research. Simple math shows why, he argues.

Take Italy’s net government debt, which is currently around 100% of GDP. Even though Italian government debt has a relatively long maturity—it averages out at about seven years—which means current high yields have a relatively small impact on interest payments, unless they come down smartly over the coming months, they will represent an interest cost of around 6% of GDP, Mr. Dumas estimates.

In a world of high growth or high inflation, those interest costs would be manageable. Either income covers the outlay or inflation erodes the debt burden.

But Italy has neither to look forward to. The International Monetary Fund forecasts Italy to grow by less than 1% a year over the coming three years and for Italian prices to rise by little more than 1% over the same period. Mr. Dumas is more pessimistic. He thinks there’s a real risk Italy doesn’t grow at all and suffers deflation. In this case, the Italian government has to find about 6% of GDP from spending cuts or tax rises unless it wants its debt burden to grow—something the markets are unlikely to accept.

And that sort of austerity is exactly what Greece is struggling against. It becomes a self-defeating downward spiral. Tax rises and spending cuts against a recessionary backdrop only cause the economy to contract further. Economic contraction pushes up government spending and reduces its revenue, making it impossible for the government to make headway on its finances while the economy just gets worse.

For Italy to get out of its ever-deepening hole, it needs much lower yields on its debt. The European Central Bank could engineer this by buying Italian government bonds in the market. It has done so as an emergency measure, albeit with only temporary success. The ECB has bought some €183 billion ($247 billion) in euro-zone government debt so far, a large proportion of which was Italian, and was reportedly intervening heavily in the market on Wednesday. But this is a pittance compared with how much it would have to buy if investors abandoned Italy. Next year alone, Italy has to roll over €300 billion in maturing debt and is expected to need another €25 billion to cover its budget deficit.

ECB members have made it clear they’re unwilling and legally unable to be unlimited buyers of government debt. But it is, in any case, questionable how much lower Mario Draghi, the ECB’s new president, would be willing to push Italian yields. Although Mr. Draghi says yields are now “overshooting,” he also admits they fell too low pre-Lehman.

Investors were demanding too little return from the Italian government during the euro’s long honeymoon. Its 10-year debt at one point yielded just nine basis points—less than a tenth of one percentage point—more than Germany’s equivalent issues. That spread is now around 570 basis points. Although this is high, it was higher in 1995. In 1994, the spread largely ranged between 300 and 450 basis points.

Unfortunately, even if fair value were toward the lower end of those spreads, Italy would find it brutally painful to pay what it owes. The only alternative, argues economist Nouriel Roubini, is for a debt restructuring. Default, in other words, and all the collateral damage that entails.

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